The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Climate Machine, with crucial support from Coldplay, Warner Music Group (WMG), Live Nation, and Hope Solutions, has released the first comprehensive annual carbon emissions calculation of the live music industry in the U.S. and U.K. The study analyzes data from over 80,000 events, capturing greenhouse gas emissions across all major impact areas, including fan travel, food and beverage consumption, trucking, and energy. While the live music sector accounts for a relatively small percentage of total national emissions—0.2% in the U.S. and 1.1% in the U.K.—its cultural reach is vast, giving industry decisions the power to set trends and inspire broader climate action among a global audience.
Grounded in rigorous, peer-reviewed research, the report provides an unprecedented, data-driven view of live music’s environmental impact and identifies key areas where both industry players and fans can take measurable steps to reduce emissions. The overwhelming finding reveals that fan travel is the largest driver of live music emissions, accounting for 77% in the U.K. and 62% in the U.S. across nearly all event types, underscoring the necessity for scalable, long-term change in public transportation options. Food and beverage is the next largest contributor, and the report highlights that a simple shift toward plant-based menus could reduce those emissions by 40% or more.
When fan travel is excluded from the calculation, trucking and freight emerge as major contributors to emissions, with trucking making up 14% of U.S. emissions and air freight accounting for nearly 35% in the U.K. This granular data guides a set of recommendations that point toward a new era of sustainability practices. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that large-format shows—such as festivals and stadium tours—generate a disproportionate share of total emissions, positioning them as powerful catalysts for scalable climate innovation.
Industry leaders emphasized the importance of this new data. Professor John Fernández and Dr. Norhan Bayomi of the MIT Climate Machine stated that this “detailed accounting of emissions sources and amounts guides a set of recommendations that point to a new era of emissions reductions and sustainability practices across all of live music.” Madeleine Smith, Senior Director, ESG at WMG, echoed the sentiment, committing the label to “turning insights into measurable action” to build resilience across the ecosystem.
For Live Nation, this research is a call to coordinated action. Lucy August-Perna, Head of Sustainability at Live Nation, commented that “for the first time, the live music industry has a clear picture of where our collective impact lies,” empowering the company to continue taking smarter, more coordinated action in partnership with artists, venues, and fans to ensure a strong future for the genre and the communities that support it. Luke Howell, Founder and Director of Hope Solutions, concluded that the study helps signal the need for practical, forward-thinking solutions that empower all industry players to focus on measurement and meaningful action.