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10 of the Greatest Rock Opera Albums That Changed Storytelling in Music

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Rock operas tell sweeping stories, blending theatricality with raw musical power. These albums transport listeners to vivid worlds, showcasing the artistry and ambition of rock at its best. Here are 10 rock opera albums that redefined storytelling and left an indelible mark on music history.

1. The Who – Tommy

Was there any doubt? The granddaddy of them all. Released in 1969, Tommy follows the story of a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who becomes a pinball champion and spiritual leader. This groundbreaking album by The Who laid the foundation for the rock opera genre, combining Pete Townshend’s visionary songwriting with the band’s explosive energy.

2. Pink Floyd – The Wall

Pink Floyd’s The Wall (1979) is a haunting exploration of isolation and self-destruction. Chronicling the descent of its protagonist, Pink, the album’s seamless storytelling and iconic tracks like “Comfortably Numb” make it a masterpiece of psychological drama and musical innovation.

3. The Who – Quadrophenia

The Who struck gold again with Quadrophenia (1973), a tale of teenage angst and self-discovery. Centered around Jimmy, a mod navigating 1960s Britain, this album blends autobiographical touches with Townshend’s layered compositions and the band’s visceral performances.

4. Green Day – American Idiot

Green Day reinvented themselves in 2004 with American Idiot, a politically charged rock opera. Chronicling the life of the “Jesus of Suburbia,” it’s a bold statement against apathy and conformity, with unforgettable anthems like “Boulevard of Broken Dreams.”

5. Meat Loaf – Bat Out of Hell

Though not a traditional rock opera, Bat Out of Hell (1977) is a theatrical epic that tells tales of youthful rebellion and doomed romance. Jim Steinman’s grandiose compositions and Meat Loaf’s soaring vocals make this album a larger-than-life experience.

6. David Bowie – The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars

David Bowie’s 1972 classic chronicles the rise and tragic fall of Ziggy Stardust, a glam rock messiah. Through otherworldly tracks like “Starman” and “Rock ‘n’ Roll Suicide,” Bowie weaves a narrative that’s as enigmatic as it is unforgettable.

7. Pink Floyd – Animals

Inspired by George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Animals (1977) is a scathing critique of societal divisions. Pink Floyd uses the metaphor of pigs, dogs, and sheep to create a dark and immersive tale, backed by some of the band’s most intricate instrumentation.

8. The Moody Blues – Days of Future Passed

This 1967 concept album blends rock and orchestral arrangements to explore the arc of a single day. While not a traditional opera, its seamless narrative and symphonic grandeur make it a trailblazer in musical storytelling.

9. My Chemical Romance – The Black Parade

The Black Parade (2006) is a gothic rock opera about life, death, and redemption. My Chemical Romance crafts a theatrical journey through grief and hope, with bombastic tracks like “Welcome to the Black Parade” leaving a lasting impact.

10. Rush – 2112

Rush’s 2112 (1976) tells a dystopian tale of individuality suppressed by an authoritarian regime. With its sprawling title suite, this album showcases the band’s technical prowess and visionary storytelling, cementing its place as a prog-rock classic.

 

 

5 Surprising Facts About Genesis’ “Selling England by the Pound”

Selling England by the Pound is still a roadmap of English culture, progressive rock mastery, and the creative dynamics of Genesis. Released in 1973, it’s become a cornerstone of prog rock, mixing intricate musicianship with vivid storytelling. While the album is celebrated for tracks like “I Know What I Like” and “Firth of Fifth,” there are plenty of fascinating details that even devoted fans might not know. Let’s dig into five lesser-known facts about this iconic record.

1. The Title Came From a Political Slogan

The album’s title was inspired by a Labour Party slogan from the time, which emphasized preserving English identity amidst growing American influence. Peter Gabriel suggested it to underline the band’s exploration of “Englishness” on the record, offering both a critique and celebration of their cultural roots.

2. Gabriel Wrote His Lyrics in Just Two Days

Peter Gabriel managed to write all his lyrical contributions for the album in a whirlwind two-day session. Despite the tight timeline, his vivid storytelling shines through, with references to British supermarkets, cultural icons, and fictional gang wars in tracks like “The Battle of Epping Forest.”

3. A Family Complained About the Noise During Rehearsals

The band rehearsed much of the album at a house in Chessington, where their loud sessions prompted complaints from neighbors. Ironically, this amateurish, impromptu environment added a playful charm to the album’s creative process.

4. Steve Hackett’s Nylon Guitar Was a First for Genesis

“After the Ordeal” marked the first Genesis track to feature Steve Hackett’s nylon-string guitar. While Hackett championed the track’s inclusion, Tony Banks and Peter Gabriel were initially against it, making its presence on the album a rare compromise within the band.

5. The Lawn Mower on the Cover Was Added Later

The iconic album cover, painted by Betty Swanwick, didn’t originally feature a lawn mower. The band asked Swanwick to add one to reference “I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe),” a request she fulfilled instead of creating an entirely new painting.

10 Songs About Baseball That Show It’s More Than Just a Game

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Baseball is still America’s pastime; it’s a deep well of inspiration for musicians across genres. From the crack of the bat to the roar of the crowd, the sport has found its way into our collective cultural consciousness—and our playlists. These 10 songs show how the sport transcends the diamond to inspire music that hits home, whether you’re a lifelong fan or just love the idea of stepping up to the plate.

1. “Centerfield” – John Fogerty

John Fogerty’s Centerfield is the ultimate baseball anthem, filled with nostalgia and excitement. With its iconic opening riff and lyrics like “Put me in, coach! I’m ready to play,” the song perfectly encapsulates the spirit of every kid (and adult) who dreams of being on the field.

2. “Take Me Out to the Ball Game” – Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer

A classic sing-along heard in ballparks for over a century, this timeless tune is synonymous with the seventh-inning stretch. It’s a celebration of everything that makes baseball great—hot dogs, peanuts, Cracker Jack, and the thrill of the game.

3. “Glory Days” – Bruce Springsteen

Springsteen’s nostalgic tale of a former baseball star looking back on his glory days hits home for anyone who’s ever loved the game. With its upbeat tempo and poignant lyrics, it reminds us how baseball memories can stay with us long after we leave the diamond.

4. “Joltin’ Joe DiMaggio” – Les Brown and His Orchestra

This big-band ode to the Yankee Clipper captures the awe and admiration Joe DiMaggio inspired during his legendary career. Its catchy refrain, “Where have you gone, Joe DiMaggio?” is a nod to the lasting legacy of one of baseball’s greatest heroes.

5. “Cheap Seats” – Alabama

This country anthem celebrates the joy of watching baseball from the cheap seats, where the beer is cold, the hot dogs are warm, and the camaraderie is unbeatable. It’s a love letter to small-town games and the sense of community that baseball creates.

6. “Say Hey (The Willie Mays Song)” – The Treniers

This upbeat, jazzy tune pays tribute to the Say Hey Kid himself, Willie Mays. With its infectious rhythm and playful lyrics, it’s a fitting homage to one of baseball’s most electrifying players.

7. “Catfish” – Bob Dylan

Dylan’s tribute to legendary pitcher Jim “Catfish” Hunter highlights the grace and grit of the baseball diamond. The song paints a vivid picture of Catfish’s career and the larger-than-life aura that surrounded him on and off the field.

8. “A Dying Cub Fan’s Last Request” – Steve Goodman

Goodman’s humorous yet heartfelt ballad is a tribute to the eternal hope (and heartbreak) of being a Chicago Cubs fan. It’s a reminder that baseball fandom is about more than wins and losses—it’s about loyalty and love for the game, no matter what.

9. “Right Field” – Peter, Paul and Mary

This whimsical folk tune captures the perspective of a young player relegated to right field. Its charming lyrics and gentle melody remind us that every position on the team matters, even if it feels like you’re stuck where the ball never goes.

10. “All the Way” – Eddie Vedder

Pearl Jam’s Eddie Vedder pours his heart into this ode to the Chicago Cubs, capturing the joy of unwavering fandom. Written in honor of the Cubs’ die-hard supporters, it’s a rallying cry for anyone who dreams of their team going “all the way.”

 

13 Songs About Bad Luck That Prove Misfortune Can Be Musical Gold

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Sometimes, music feels like a four-leaf clover in a world full of black cats and broken mirrors. From tales of heartbreak to downright ominous vibes, songs about bad luck resonate with anyone who’s ever felt like the universe had it out for them. Whether it’s superstition or just a rough day, these 13 tracks turn life’s misfortunes into unforgettable melodies.

1. “Superstition” – Stevie Wonder

Stevie Wonder’s funky anthem takes on the power of belief in bad luck. With lyrics like “When you believe in things that you don’t understand, then you suffer,” it’s a soulful reminder that fear of bad luck might bring the worst kind of misfortune—paralysis by superstition.

2. “Bad Luck” – Harold Melvin & The Blue Notes

This disco-infused classic captures the spiraling chaos of bad luck, from losing love to financial woes. With an irresistible groove, it’s the perfect track to dance away life’s misfortunes, even as the lyrics hit close to home for anyone feeling like they just can’t catch a break.

3. “Born Under a Bad Sign” – Albert King

Blues legend Albert King delivers a tale of relentless bad fortune with a voice that feels like a storm cloud rolling in. The line “If it wasn’t for bad luck, I wouldn’t have no luck at all” has become the ultimate anthem for anyone who feels the weight of perpetual misfortune.

4. “Black Cat” – Janet Jackson

This rock-leaning hit from Janet Jackson warns of the consequences of risky behavior, likening it to crossing paths with a bad omen. The electrifying guitar riffs amplify the tension, making it a thrilling anthem about living on the edge of disaster.

5. “The Luckiest Guy on the Lower East Side” – The Magnetic Fields

Stephen Merritt flips the idea of bad luck on its head with this quirky track. While the protagonist laments his situation, his hopeless optimism shines through, proving that even in bad luck, there’s a glimmer of charm—or at least humor.

6. “Bad Moon Rising” – Creedence Clearwater Revival

With its catchy melody and ominous lyrics, this CCR classic feels like a storm brewing on the horizon. It warns of impending doom, making it the go-to anthem for those moments when it feels like everything that can go wrong will go wrong.

7. “13 Steps to Nowhere” – Pantera

Pantera brings bad luck into the world of heavy metal with this raw, aggressive track. It’s a no-holds-barred expression of frustration, channeling the chaos and fury that come with feeling like life is spinning out of control.

8. “Unlucky” – Radiohead

Radiohead’s hauntingly beautiful song feels like the soundtrack to a streak of bad luck. Its moody atmosphere and Thom Yorke’s ethereal vocals encapsulate the fragility and melancholy of those moments when nothing seems to go your way.

9. “Misfortune” – The National

The National’s poetic lyricism captures the quiet despair of bad luck. With brooding melodies and introspective lyrics, it’s a poignant reminder that misfortune can sometimes feel as heavy as the world on your shoulders.

10. “Man of Constant Sorrow” – Traditional (Popularized by The Soggy Bottom Boys)

This timeless folk tune, immortalized by O Brother, Where Art Thou?, tells the story of a man plagued by endless bad luck. Its haunting melody and heartfelt lyrics make it a poignant anthem for anyone who’s felt like they were born under a bad sign.

11. “Thirteen” – Big Star

Big Star’s bittersweet track explores youthful longing and heartache, set against the backdrop of unlucky love. Its simple yet poignant lyrics remind listeners that sometimes, bad luck is just the feeling of unrequited teenage romance.

12. “Friday the 13th” – The Damned

Punk rock legends The Damned dive straight into the heart of superstition with this edgy track. With dark humor and high energy, they make bad luck feel like a rebellious badge of honor rather than a curse.

13. “Ironic” – Alanis Morissette

While not directly about bad luck, Alanis Morissette’s iconic track is full of unfortunate situations that feel like cosmic jokes. From rain on your wedding day to a traffic jam when you’re already late, it’s a perfect anthem for life’s cruel twists of fate.

Sue Foley Receives GRAMMY Award Nomination

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The Recording Academy has announced the 2025 GRAMMY Award nominees, and acclaimed guitarist and vocalist Sue Foley has earned a nomination for Best Traditional Blues Album for her remarkable solo acoustic project, ONE GUITAR WOMAN (Stony Plain Records).

On this groundbreaking album, Foley steps away from her signature pink Fender Telecaster, affectionately known as “Pinky,” and delivers a soul-stirring collection of twelve tracks accompanied solely by her expressive voice and a single nylon-string Flamenco guitar. ONE GUITAR WOMAN is a heartfelt homage to the trailblazing female guitarists who have shaped her artistry and inspired generations of musicians. Foley honors legends such as Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, French classical guitarist Ida Presti, Southern blues icons Geeshie Wiley and Elvie Thomas, Tejano star Lydia Mendoza, the flamboyant and dynamic Charo, and the cornerstone of country music, Maybelle Carter.

The album has garnered widespread acclaim:

  • “A lush, brilliantly performed salute to women who helped forge the history of the guitar.” ⁠— Living Blues Magazine
  • “The kind of album that will live forever.” — Americana Highways
  • “Confirms her new status as a major guitar talent.” — Soul Bag Magazine
  • “Fabulous.” — Guitar Player Magazine
  • “A sonic tapestry.” — Guitar Girl Magazine

Voting for the final round of the GRAMMY Awards is open to Recording Academy members through January 3, 2025. The winners will be announced during the annual GRAMMY Awards ceremony, broadcast live from the Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California, on February 2, 2025, on CBS.

For more information about Sue Foley and her nominated album ONE GUITAR WOMAN, please visit www.suefoley.com

10 Tips for Musicians on Writing a Press Release That Gets Noticed

A press release is your chance to tell your story to the world. It’s the bridge between your music and the people who can help amplify it, from journalists to bloggers to fans waiting for something exciting to share. Think of it as a snapshot of your passion, crafted to grab attention and spark curiosity. When done right, it becomes a cornerstone of your promotional strategy, helping your music reach the people who need to hear it. Ready to make yours unforgettable? Let’s go!

1. Start Strong with a Killer Hook
Your headline is the gateway to your story, and it needs to be as compelling as your best song’s opening riff. A strong headline grabs attention and makes the reader want to dive into the details. Follow it with an opening sentence that delivers the key info: What’s happening, why it matters, and why people should care. The why is the most important part. This is your first chance to make an impression—so make it count. The goal? Hook them in 10 words or less.

2. Get to the Point Quickly
Journalists and editors don’t have time to wade through fluff—they need the “who, what, when, where, and why” upfront. Start your press release with a succinct summary of what’s new: Are you releasing a groundbreaking album? Announcing a tour? Celebrate a key milestone? Lay out the most important facts in the first paragraph. Save the storytelling and background for later, once you’ve got their attention.

3. Add a Quote That Pops
A good quote adds personality and depth to your press release. Whether it’s from you, a bandmate, or a collaborator, it should give a sense of excitement, purpose, or inspiration. Don’t settle for generic lines like “We’re so excited to release this song.” Instead, dig deeper: What does this release mean to you? How does it reflect your journey or your vision? Quotes are a chance to speak directly to the audience, so make it memorable.

4. Highlight What’s Unique
Ask yourself: Why should someone care about this release over the hundreds of others they’ll see today? Maybe it’s a collaboration with a dream artist, an innovative new sound, or a meaningful personal milestone. Be specific about what sets you apart. Journalists are always on the lookout for unique angles, so make it easy for them to spot what makes your story newsworthy.

5. Make It Look Professional
Even the most compelling story can fall flat if it’s poorly presented. Format your press release with clear headings, short paragraphs, and plenty of white space to make it easy to read. Include all the essentials: Your contact info, links to your website and social media, and where people can find your music. If you’re emailing it, make sure your subject line is concise and attention-grabbing—it’s the first thing they’ll see!

6. Speak to the Right People
The best press release in the world won’t matter if it’s sent to the wrong audience. Research outlets and journalists who cover your genre or have shown interest in artists like you. Tailor your pitch to each recipient, referencing their past coverage or interests to show you’ve done your homework. A well-targeted press release is far more effective than a mass email blast.

7. Add Visuals for Impact
A picture is worth a thousand words, and in today’s visual world, multimedia can be a game-changer. Include links to high-quality photos, album art, or music videos to make your story more appealing. Visuals aren’t just eye-catching—they’re essential for journalists who may need ready-to-use assets for their stories. And don’t forget to label your files clearly with your name and the project title.

8. Keep SEO in Mind
If your press release will live online, think like a search engine. What keywords might your audience or the media use to find your music? Incorporate those terms naturally into your headline and body text. This not only helps journalists find your release but also ensures fans can discover it when they’re searching for new music or news about you.

9. Proofread Like a Pro
Nothing undermines a great press release like a typo or grammatical error. Before you hit send, read it out loud to catch awkward phrasing or mistakes. Then read it again. Better yet, have a trusted friend or colleague review it with fresh eyes. A polished press release not only looks professional but also shows you care about the details—just like you do with your music.

10. Follow Up, Don’t Give Up
Sending the press release is just the first step. Journalists get hundreds of emails daily, so a polite, well-timed follow-up can make all the difference. Wait a few days before reaching out, and keep your follow-up brief: Mention the press release, express your enthusiasm, and offer any additional materials they might need. Be persistent but respectful—relationships take time to build.

11. OK, There’s 11.
A great press release is more than just a way to share news—it’s a tool to build relationships, spark interest, and invite the world to be part of your life and release. If you’re still looking for help, or have any questions, or looking for more information, email me, I’ll be happy to chat – Eric@ThatEricAlper.com and talk soon!

The 10 Most Memorable Super Bowl Halftime Shows

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From rock legends to pop icons, the Super Bowl halftime show has delivered some of music’s most unforgettable moments. Whether it’s Prince’s rain-soaked magic or Springsteen’s stadium-rock fireworks, these performances transcend sports and become cultural landmarks.

1. Prince (2007)

Few moments in live music history compare to Prince performing “Purple Rain” in the middle of an actual downpour. Armed with his iconic purple guitar and unbothered by the storm, he transformed the Super Bowl into a stadium of euphoric electricity. This wasn’t just a show; it was divine intervention. He even asked one of the producers to make it rain harder.

2. Beyoncé (2013)

Queen Bey owned the stage with a ferocity that left jaws on the floor. From the moment “Crazy in Love” hit to the Destiny’s Child reunion that sent fans into a frenzy, Beyoncé proved why she’s one of the greatest live performers of our time. Fierce, flawless, unforgettable.

3. U2 (2002)

In the wake of 9/11, U2 delivered a poignant and powerful performance that doubled as a tribute to those who had passed. With “Where the Streets Have No Name” accompanied by a scrolling list of victims, it was a rare halftime show that brought tears as well as cheers.

4. Madonna (2012)

The Material Girl’s halftime debut was a spectacle of epic proportions. With a Roman-themed stage, elaborate choreography, and guest spots from Nicki Minaj and M.I.A., she reminded the world why she remains the Queen of Pop.

5. Michael Jackson (1993)

The King of Pop didn’t just perform—he reinvented the halftime show. Standing motionless for over a minute before launching into “Billie Jean” and “Black or White,” MJ transformed the event into a global phenomenon. The Super Bowl halftime as we know it began here.

6. Katy Perry (2015)

From the larger-than-life mechanical lion to the now-iconic Left Shark, Katy Perry’s halftime show was a technicolor dream. Her energy and theatrical flair made this a performance that had everyone talking—and dancing.

7. Shakira & Jennifer Lopez (2020)

Two Latin superstars joined forces for an unforgettable celebration of culture, energy, and hits. From Shakira’s “Hips Don’t Lie” to J.Lo’s pole-dancing prowess, it was a high-energy masterclass in entertainment.

8. The Rolling Stones (2006)

At 60+, the Stones still had the moves to command the world’s biggest stage. With hits like “Start Me Up” and “Satisfaction,” they delivered a rock ‘n’ roll clinic that reminded everyone why they’re legends.

9. Bruce Springsteen (2009)

The Boss brought his working-class charm and undeniable energy to the halftime show, proving that stadium rock still reigns supreme. From the explosive “Born to Run” to the crowd-pumping “Glory Days,” Springsteen made the Super Bowl feel like a Jersey bar gig on steroids.

10. Dr. Dre & Friends (2022)

A hip-hop revolution unfolded as Dre brought Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Mary J. Blige, and Kendrick Lamar to the stage. This was more than a performance—it was a love letter to West Coast rap and the culture it shaped.

5 Surprising Facts About My Bloody Valentine’s “Loveless”

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If you’ve ever dived headfirst into the sonic tidal wave that is My Bloody Valentine’s Loveless, you know it’s not just an album—it’s an experience that has changed lives (well, at least their record collection moving forward.) Released on November 4, 1991, this shoegaze masterpiece, led by Kevin Shields, reshaped the boundaries of sound and production, earning its place as one of the greatest albums of all time. But even diehard fans may not know some of the fascinating stories behind its creation. Here are five lesser-known facts about the album that turned noise into beauty.

1. It Took 19 Studios and Nearly Bankrupted a Record Label
The album was recorded in a staggering 19 different studios over a two-year period, with a rumored cost of £250,000. The painstaking production process caused tensions with Creation Records, whose co-owner, Alan McGee, ultimately dropped the band due to Kevin Shields’ relentless perfectionism.

2. The “Glide Guitar” Technique Redefined the Instrument
Kevin Shields’ signature sound—achieved by wiggling the guitar’s tremolo bar as he strummed—created the dreamlike “glide guitar” effect that became synonymous with Loveless. It’s an illusion of layers, but in reality, the album has fewer guitar tracks than most demos.

3. The Drums Were Almost Entirely Sampled
Due to drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig’s health issues, most drum tracks were created from samples of his playing. Only two songs feature live drumming: “Only Shallow” (the opening drums might be the clearest sound you’ll hear all album) and “Come in Alone.” Shields meticulously constructed the rest from scratch, a painstaking yet groundbreaking process.

4. Vocals Were Recorded Behind a Curtain
Kevin Shields and Bilinda Butcher recorded vocals in a uniquely secretive way—they hung curtains between themselves and the sound engineers. The engineers monitored the sessions by watching the meters on the tape machine, ensuring the vocals remained an enigmatic layer within the album’s ethereal mix.

5. Its Legacy Includes a Second Life on Analogue Tape
In 2012, Loveless was reissued as a two-CD set, including a version remastered from the original half-inch analogue tapes. This version offered fans a new way to experience the album’s dense and textured soundscapes, cementing its timeless appeal.

From its grueling production process to its boundary-pushing sound, Loveless remains a touchstone for artists and fans alike, and continuing its rightful place on music critics’ album of all time lists. Whether you’re a longtime devotee or a curious newcomer, one thing is certain: Loveless is a masterpiece that will continue to reverberate for generations. Put on those headphones for this one.

How Brandi Carlile Met Elton John: “I Wrote Him A Letter”

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The amazing Brandi Carlile joins Elton John and Stephen Colbert for an extended conversation about their friendship and artistic collaboration, Elton’s commitment to lifting up new artists like Chappell Roan, Brandi’s special relationship with Joni Mitchell, and the potential for new Elton John music in the near future. The new documentary, “Elton John: Never Too Late,” is streaming now on Disney+.

Terri Thal’s “My Greenwich Village” Details Folk Music, Social Justice, and Stories of Bob Dylan, Dave Van Ronk, and the Village Scene

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Terri Thal was very much a part of the folk music world in 1960s Greenwich Village, New York. Few people know that she was 21-year-old Bob Dylan’s first manager prior to his contract with Albert Grossman and Columbia Records. She also managed musician Dave Van Ronk (who later became her husband), and others to include the Roche sisters, Paul Geremia and The Holy Modal Rounders. She booked performances at coffee houses, clubs and basket houses. On 6 September 1961, she recorded a set from a young Bob at The Gaslight Café – a celebrated performance as it is one his first known live recordings, and the first known live recording to feature original songs. This concert became known to Dylan fans as the First Gaslight Tape! Terri took this ‘audition’ tape to clubs and concert producers, trying to get him gigs – and she still owns the original reel-to-reel tape! She had many friends in Greenwich Village including Suze Rotolo and a number of seminal 1960s folk musicians.

Terri Thal has two passions: folk music and social justice.

“My Greenwich Village: Dave, Bob and Me” is a personal story of the world of folk music in 1960s New York written by a Jewish woman from Brooklyn who, although not a musician, was an intrinsic part of this scene. Terri describes Greenwich Village as a community that was supportive, musically exciting and one in which people had fun.

Terri tells us what it was like to hang out in the Village coffee houses, to host folk singers like Tom Paxton and Phil Ochs who hung out at her apartment, and to be a manager. We hear her view and involvement of the 1960s socialist organizations, and how she later merged her professional work in not- for-profit agencies.